JUPEB 2019 Accounting – Theory Questions & Answers
SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
ACC 001: BASIC FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Question 1
The following transactions by Dabbing Enterprises took place in the month of February 2017:
- Dabbing started his business with ₦645,500 cash and a motor vehicle with a value of ₦50,000.
- Made a deposit of ₦350,000 cash to the business bank account.
- Bought goods from Adesopo with a selling price of ₦47,500 and was granted a 6% trade discount by cheque.
- Withdrew cash of ₦153,000 from the bank for the business use.
- Bought ₦251,000 worth of goods from Oretuyi on credit and received 12% cash discount.
- Paid ₦18,000 cash to settle electricity bill for the month.
- Sold ₦75,500 goods to Orelope on credit. A discount allowed of 10% was granted if payment is made on or before 20th February.
- Sold goods amounting to ₦478,000 receiving cheque.
- Withdrew ₦57,800 cash from the business bank account to pay his son's hospital bill.
- Returned goods amounting to ₦10,200 to Oretuyi.
- Paid ₦150,000 cash to Oretuyi as part settlement of his debt.
- Orelope paid ₦25,000 cash and ₦40,000 cheque on 25th February.
- Paid cash: ₦32,000 salary to the business staff and ₦25,000 salary to himself.
- Dabbing personal dividend received of ₦15,500 was paid into the business bank account.
- Settled his debt to Oretuyi after deducting a 12% cash discount with cheque.
You are required to:
(a) Post the transactions into the appropriate ledgers. [12 Marks]
(b) Extract a trial balance. [3 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
Question 2(a)
Draw up a profit or loss appropriation account for Lekan, Chuks & Hassan for the year ending 31 March 2015 and prepare current account as at that date from the following information:
- Drawings: Lekan ₦3,500, Chuks ₦11,500 and Hassan ₦8,500
- Capital account: Lekan ₦30,000, Chuks ₦22,500 and Hassan ₦17,500
- Current account: Lekan ₦9,000, Chuks ₦4,000 and Hassan ₦3,000
- Profits to be shared: Lekan 50%, Chuks 30% and Hassan 20%
- Salaries to be credited: Chuks ₦11,000 and Hassan ₦14,000
- Interest to be charged on drawings: Lekan ₦600, Chuks ₦450 and Hassan ₦250
- Net profits ₦92,400
- Interest to be charged on Capital: Lekan ₦1,800, Chuks ₦1,350 and Hassan ₦1,050
[9 Marks]
Question 2(b)
AICO Limited purchased a non-current asset (Motor Vehicle) at the beginning of year 2012 for ₦9,600,000 and applied a depreciation rate of 25% per annum using reducing balance method. The company sold the vehicle for ₦4,500,000 at the beginning of year 2016.
You are required to prepare:
i. Accumulated depreciation account [4 Marks]
ii. Asset disposal account [2 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
ACC 002: BASIC COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Question 3
The following information is provided in relation to the cost structure of a manufacturing company for different levels of production activities:
| S/N | Cost Items | 400 Units (₦) | 900 Units (₦) | 1,500 Units (₦) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Materials | 6,000 | 13,500 | 22,500 |
| 2 | Wages | 3,500 | 7,875 | 13,125 |
| 3 | Selling expenses | 7,080 | 9,680 | 12,800 |
| 4 | Salaries | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 |
| 5 | Electricity | 15,300 | 18,800 | 23,000 |
| 6 | Rent | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 |
| TOTAL | 71,880 | 89,855 | 111,425 |
You are required to:
(a) Identify the types of cost behaviour and state the specific amount for each cost item for the various levels of production activities. [10 Marks]
(b) Calculate the total cost for 700 units and 1,800 units of production activities. [5 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
Question 4(a)
What is budgeting? [2 Marks]
Question 4(b)
Give six reasons why organisations prepare budgets. [3 Marks]
Question 4(c)
Zakari and Aishat Ltd possesses the following data:
- Cost of raw materials: ₦50 per unit
- Usage of raw materials: 1,000 units
- Minimum reorder period: 15 days
- Maximum reorder period: 25 days
- Cost of ordering materials: ₦750 per order
- Carrying costs: 15% per order
- Each year consists of 42 working weeks of 4 days per week
Calculate the following:
i. Reorder level [2 Marks]
ii. Reorder quantity [2 Marks]
iii. Maximum level [2 Marks]
iv. Minimum level [2 Marks]
v. Average level [2 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
ACC 003: BASIC AUDITING
Question 5(a)
Outline FIVE reasons/advantages of an Auditor's attestation of financial statements. [5 Marks]
Question 5(b)
With the aid of a table, explain how 'Nature of Circumstances' and 'Degree of Materiality' determine the opinion expressed by Auditors on the financial statements. [10 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
Question 6(a)
Auditors must strictly comply with "Rules of professional conduct issued by their professional bodies as conditions for membership." You are required to mention and explain any FOUR fundamental principles of professional code of conduct for accountants. [12 Marks]
Question 6(b)
Every company shall appoint annually, a person approved by shareholders whose duties shall be to present to the shareholders, a report on the annual financial statements of the company. What are the conditions to be met to qualify as an "approved auditor?" [3 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
ACC 004: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NIGERIAN TAXATION
Question 7
DO GOOD ENTERPRISE has been preparing his accounts to 31 March every year for a long period. In 2008, he decided to make up his account to 30 September each year instead of the 31 March. The following were his adjusted profits:
| Period | Amount (₦) |
|---|---|
| 1/4/2006 – 31/3/2007 | 270,000 |
| 1/4/2007 – 31/3/2008 | 360,000 |
| 1/4/2008 – 30/9/2008 | 150,000 |
| 1/10/2008 – 30/9/2009 | 529,000 |
| 1/10/2009 – 30/9/2010 | 375,000 |
Determine the assessable profits on which the relevant authority would assess him. [15 Marks]
Question 8(a)
List FOUR members of the State Board of Internal Revenue. [4 Marks]
Question 8(b)
State THREE duties of the State Board of Internal Revenue. [3 Marks]
Question 8(c)
What constitutes a quorum for a meeting of the State Board of Internal Revenue? [2 Marks]
Question 8(d)
List SIX taxes and levies collectible by a State Government. [6 Marks]
[Total 15 Marks]
ANSWERS TO ALL THEORY QUESTIONS
ACC 001: BASIC FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Question 1 – Ledger Accounts and Trial Balance
Preliminary workings:
- Transaction 3: Adesopo — ₦47,500 less 6% trade discount = ₦47,500 × 94% = ₦44,650 paid by cheque. Trade discount is never recorded in the ledger; only the net amount is entered.
- Transaction 5: Oretuyi — ₦251,000 bought on credit with 12% cash discount available. Credit purchase is recorded at full invoice price of ₦251,000. The cash discount is only recorded when payment is made.
- Transaction 7: Orelope — ₦75,500 sold on credit; 10% discount only if paid by 20th February.
- Transaction 12: Orelope paid on 25th February — after the 20th deadline. The 10% discount does not apply. Cash received = ₦25,000 + ₦40,000 = ₦65,000. Balance outstanding = ₦10,500.
- Transaction 13: ₦25,000 paid to himself = drawings (not a business expense).
- Transaction 14: Personal dividend of ₦15,500 introduced into the business bank = additional capital.
- Transaction 15: Balance owed to Oretuyi after returns and part cash payment:
- Purchases: ₦251,000
- Less returns (Tr.10): ₦10,200 → Net: ₦240,800
- Less cash paid (Tr.11): ₦150,000 → Balance: ₦90,800
- 12% discount on ₦90,800 = ₦10,896
- Final cheque payment = ₦90,800 × 88% = ₦79,904
CAPITAL ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Balance c/d | 711,000 | Cash – commenced business (1) | 645,500 |
| Motor Vehicle (1) | 50,000 | ||
| Bank – personal dividend (14) | 15,500 | ||
| Total | 711,000 | Total | 711,000 |
| Balance b/d | 711,000 |
MOTOR VEHICLE ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital (1) | 50,000 | Balance c/d | 50,000 |
| Balance b/d | 50,000 |
CASH ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capital (1) | 645,500 | Bank – deposit (2) | 350,000 |
| Bank – withdrawal (4) | 153,000 | Electricity (6) | 18,000 |
| Orelope – cash receipt (12) | 25,000 | Oretuyi – part payment (11) | 150,000 |
| Salaries – staff (13) | 32,000 | ||
| Drawings – self salary (13) | 25,000 | ||
| Balance c/d | 248,500 | ||
| Total | 823,500 | Total | 823,500 |
| Balance b/d | 248,500 |
BANK ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash – deposit (2) | 350,000 | Purchases – Adesopo (3) | 44,650 |
| Sales – cheque (8) | 478,000 | Cash – withdrawal (4) | 153,000 |
| Orelope – cheque (12) | 40,000 | Drawings – son's hospital bill (9) | 57,800 |
| Capital – dividend (14) | 15,500 | Oretuyi – final settlement (15) | 79,904 |
| Balance c/d | 548,146 | ||
| Total | 883,500 | Total | 883,500 |
| Balance b/d | 548,146 |
PURCHASES ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bank – Adesopo (3) | 44,650 | Balance c/d | 295,650 |
| Oretuyi – credit (5) | 251,000 | ||
| Total | 295,650 | Total | 295,650 |
| Balance b/d | 295,650 |
ORETUYI ACCOUNT (CREDITOR)
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Returns Outward (10) | 10,200 | Purchases (5) | 251,000 |
| Cash – part payment (11) | 150,000 | ||
| Discount Received (15) | 10,896 | ||
| Bank – final settlement (15) | 79,904 | ||
| Total | 251,000 | Total | 251,000 |
RETURNS OUTWARD ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Balance c/d | 10,200 | Oretuyi (10) | 10,200 |
| Balance b/d | 10,200 |
DISCOUNT RECEIVED ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Balance c/d | 10,896 | Oretuyi – settlement discount (15) | 10,896 |
| Balance b/d | 10,896 |
SALES ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Balance c/d | 553,500 | Orelope – credit sale (7) | 75,500 |
| Bank – cash sale (8) | 478,000 | ||
| Total | 553,500 | Total | 553,500 |
| Balance b/d | 553,500 |
ORELOPE ACCOUNT (DEBTOR)
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sales (7) | 75,500 | Cash (12) | 25,000 |
| Bank (12) | 40,000 | ||
| Balance c/d | 10,500 | ||
| Total | 75,500 | Total | 75,500 |
| Balance b/d | 10,500 |
(No discount allowed — Orelope paid on 25th February, after the 20th February deadline)
ELECTRICITY ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash (6) | 18,000 | Balance c/d | 18,000 |
| Balance b/d | 18,000 |
SALARIES ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash – staff salaries (13) | 32,000 | Balance c/d | 32,000 |
| Balance b/d | 32,000 |
DRAWINGS ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cash – self salary (13) | 25,000 | Balance c/d | 82,800 |
| Bank – son's hospital (9) | 57,800 | ||
| Total | 82,800 | Total | 82,800 |
| Balance b/d | 82,800 |
(b) TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 28TH FEBRUARY 2017
| Account | Dr (₦) | Cr (₦) |
|---|---|---|
| Capital | 711,000 | |
| Motor Vehicle | 50,000 | |
| Cash | 248,500 | |
| Bank | 548,146 | |
| Purchases | 295,650 | |
| Returns Outward | 10,200 | |
| Discount Received | 10,896 | |
| Sales | 553,500 | |
| Orelope (Debtor) | 10,500 | |
| Electricity | 18,000 | |
| Salaries | 32,000 | |
| Drawings | 82,800 | |
| TOTALS | 1,285,596 | 1,285,596 |
Question 2(a) – Partnership Appropriation Account & Current Accounts
Working — Residual profit available for sharing:
| ₦ | |
|---|---|
| Net Profit | 92,400 |
| Add: Interest on Drawings (600 + 450 + 250) | 1,300 |
| Sub-total | 93,700 |
| Less: Interest on Capital (1,800 + 1,350 + 1,050) | (4,200) |
| Less: Salaries — Chuks ₦11,000 + Hassan ₦14,000 | (25,000) |
| Residual Profit for sharing | 64,500 |
- Lekan (50%): ₦32,250
- Chuks (30%): ₦19,350
- Hassan (20%): ₦12,900
PROFIT AND LOSS APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT for the year ending 31 March 2015
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interest on Capital – Lekan | 1,800 | Net Profit | 92,400 |
| Interest on Capital – Chuks | 1,350 | Interest on Drawings – Lekan | 600 |
| Interest on Capital – Hassan | 1,050 | Interest on Drawings – Chuks | 450 |
| Salary – Chuks | 11,000 | Interest on Drawings – Hassan | 250 |
| Salary – Hassan | 14,000 | ||
| Share of Profit – Lekan (50%) | 32,250 | ||
| Share of Profit – Chuks (30%) | 19,350 | ||
| Share of Profit – Hassan (20%) | 12,900 | ||
| Total | 93,700 | Total | 93,700 |
PARTNERS' CURRENT ACCOUNTS
| Dr | Lekan ₦ | Chuks ₦ | Hassan ₦ | Cr | Lekan ₦ | Chuks ₦ | Hassan ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drawings | 3,500 | 11,500 | 8,500 | Balance b/d | 9,000 | 4,000 | 3,000 |
| Int. on Drawings | 600 | 450 | 250 | Int. on Capital | 1,800 | 1,350 | 1,050 |
| Balance c/d | 38,950 | 23,750 | 20,200 | Salary | — | 11,000 | 14,000 |
| Share of Profit | 32,250 | 19,350 | 12,900 | ||||
| Total | 43,050 | 35,700 | 28,950 | Total | 43,050 | 35,700 | 28,950 |
| Balance b/d | 38,950 | 23,750 | 20,200 |
Question 2(b) – AICO Limited Motor Vehicle
Depreciation schedule (reducing balance 25%):
| Year | Opening NBV ₦ | Depreciation 25% ₦ | Closing NBV ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 9,600,000 | 2,400,000 | 7,200,000 |
| 2013 | 7,200,000 | 1,800,000 | 5,400,000 |
| 2014 | 5,400,000 | 1,350,000 | 4,050,000 |
| 2015 | 4,050,000 | 1,012,500 | 3,037,500 |
| Total Accumulated Depreciation | 6,562,500 |
i. ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Asset Disposal Account (2016) | 6,562,500 | Profit & Loss – 2012 | 2,400,000 |
| Profit & Loss – 2013 | 1,800,000 | ||
| Profit & Loss – 2014 | 1,350,000 | ||
| Profit & Loss – 2015 | 1,012,500 | ||
| Total | 6,562,500 | Total | 6,562,500 |
ii. ASSET DISPOSAL ACCOUNT
| Dr | ₦ | Cr | ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Motor Vehicle – Cost | 9,600,000 | Accumulated Depreciation | 6,562,500 |
| Bank – Sale Proceeds | 4,500,000 | ||
| Profit on Disposal (to P&L) | 1,462,500 | ||
| Total | 9,600,000 | Total | 9,600,000 |
NBV at disposal = ₦3,037,500; Sale proceeds = ₦4,500,000; Profit on disposal = ₦1,462,500
ACC 002: BASIC COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Question 3(a) – Cost Behaviour Analysis
High-Low Method workings:
Selling Expenses (Semi-Variable):
- Variable rate = (₦12,800 – ₦7,080) ÷ (1,500 – 400) = ₦5,720 ÷ 1,100 = ₦5.20 per unit
- Fixed element = ₦7,080 – (400 × ₦5.20) = ₦7,080 – ₦2,080 = ₦5,000
- Verification at 900 units: ₦5,000 + (900 × ₦5.20) = ₦5,000 + ₦4,680 = ₦9,680 ✓
Electricity (Semi-Variable):
- Variable rate = (₦23,000 – ₦15,300) ÷ (1,500 – 400) = ₦7,700 ÷ 1,100 = ₦7.00 per unit
- Fixed element = ₦15,300 – (400 × ₦7) = ₦15,300 – ₦2,800 = ₦12,500
- Verification at 900 units: ₦12,500 + (900 × ₦7) = ₦12,500 + ₦6,300 = ₦18,800 ✓
| S/N | Cost Item | Cost Behaviour | 400 Units ₦ | 900 Units ₦ | 1,500 Units ₦ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Materials | Variable (₦15.00/unit) | 6,000 | 13,500 | 22,500 |
| 2 | Wages | Variable (₦8.75/unit) | 3,500 | 7,875 | 13,125 |
| 3 | Selling Expenses | Semi-Variable (Fixed ₦5,000 + ₦5.20/unit) | 7,080 | 9,680 | 12,800 |
| 4 | Salaries | Fixed (₦25,000) | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 |
| 5 | Electricity | Semi-Variable (Fixed ₦12,500 + ₦7.00/unit) | 15,300 | 18,800 | 23,000 |
| 6 | Rent | Fixed (₦15,000) | 15,000 | 15,000 | 15,000 |
Question 3(b) – Total Cost for 700 and 1,800 Units
For 700 Units:
| Cost Item | Calculation | ₦ |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 700 × ₦15.00 | 10,500 |
| Wages | 700 × ₦8.75 | 6,125 |
| Selling Expenses | ₦5,000 + (700 × ₦5.20) | 8,640 |
| Salaries | Fixed | 25,000 |
| Electricity | ₦12,500 + (700 × ₦7.00) | 17,400 |
| Rent | Fixed | 15,000 |
| Total Cost | 82,665 |
For 1,800 Units:
| Cost Item | Calculation | ₦ |
|---|---|---|
| Materials | 1,800 × ₦15.00 | 27,000 |
| Wages | 1,800 × ₦8.75 | 15,750 |
| Selling Expenses | ₦5,000 + (1,800 × ₦5.20) | 14,360 |
| Salaries | Fixed | 25,000 |
| Electricity | ₦12,500 + (1,800 × ₦7.00) | 25,100 |
| Rent | Fixed | 15,000 |
| Total Cost | 122,210 |
Question 4(a) – What is Budgeting?
Budgeting is the process of preparing a detailed quantitative and financial plan expressed in monetary terms, which estimates expected revenues, expenditures, and resource requirements for a defined future period, usually one year. It translates management's objectives and policies into actionable financial targets against which actual performance is measured, monitored, and controlled to ensure organisational goals are achieved efficiently.
Question 4(b) – Six Reasons Why Organisations Prepare Budgets
- Planning — Budgets compel management to plan ahead, anticipating problems, opportunities, and resource needs before they arise, ensuring deliberate and structured decision-making.
- Coordination — Budgets coordinate the plans and activities of all departments and divisions, ensuring that all parts of the organisation work in harmony toward common objectives.
- Control — Budgets provide benchmarks for comparing actual performance with planned performance, enabling management to identify variances and take timely corrective action.
- Resource Allocation — Budgets guide management in allocating limited resources — money, manpower, and materials — efficiently among competing departments and activities.
- Communication and Motivation — Budgets communicate management's expectations and targets to all levels of staff, serving as motivational tools when employees are involved in setting realistic and achievable goals.
- Performance Evaluation — Budgets provide objective standards against which the performance of individual managers, departments, and the organisation as a whole can be fairly evaluated and rewarded.
Question 4(c) – Inventory Management Calculations
Given data workings:
- Working days per year = 42 weeks × 4 days = 168 days
- Daily usage = 1,000 ÷ 168 = 5.95 units/day ≈ 6 units/day
- Carrying cost per unit per year = ₦50 × 15% = ₦7.50
i. Reorder Level
Reorder Level = Maximum usage per day × Maximum lead time
= 6 × 25 = 150 units
ii. Reorder Quantity (Economic Order Quantity)
EOQ = √[(2 × Annual Demand × Cost per Order) ÷ Annual Carrying Cost per unit]
= √[(2 × 1,000 × 750) ÷ 7.50]
= √[1,500,000 ÷ 7.50]
= √200,000
= 447 units (approximately)
iii. Maximum Level
Maximum Level = Reorder Level + Reorder Quantity – (Minimum usage × Minimum lead time)
= 150 + 447 – (6 × 15)
= 150 + 447 – 90
= 507 units
iv. Minimum Level
Minimum Level = Reorder Level – (Normal usage × Normal lead time)
Normal lead time = (15 + 25) ÷ 2 = 20 days
= 150 – (6 × 20)
= 150 – 120
= 30 units
v. Average Level
Average Level = (Minimum Level + Maximum Level) ÷ 2
= (30 + 507) ÷ 2
= 268.5 units
ACC 003: BASIC AUDITING
Question 5(a) – Five Advantages of an Auditor's Attestation
- Enhanced Credibility and Reliability — An independent auditor's attestation confirms that the financial statements are free from material misstatement, increasing the confidence of shareholders, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders in the reported financial information.
- Facilitates Access to Credit and Capital — Banks, lenders, and investors typically require audited financial statements before extending loans or investment capital, as attestation reduces information risk and uncertainty about the company's financial health.
- Detection and Deterrence of Fraud and Errors — The audit process helps detect material fraud, irregularities, and errors in the financial records, and its existence serves as a deterrent against fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets.
- Improvement of Internal Controls — During the audit, weaknesses in the client's internal control systems are identified and communicated to management through a management letter, leading to improvements in governance, risk management, and operational efficiency.
- Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Requirements — Attestation ensures that companies meet their statutory obligations under applicable laws such as CAMA and relevant financial reporting standards, protecting directors and the company from legal liability arising from non-compliance.
Question 5(b) – Audit Opinion Matrix
| Nature of Circumstances | Degree of Materiality: Material but NOT Pervasive | Degree of Materiality: Material AND Pervasive |
|---|---|---|
| Disagreement with management (Financial statements are misstated) | Qualified Opinion — "Except for": The financial statements present a true and fair view in all material respects, except for the effects of the disagreement described in the basis for qualified opinion paragraph. | Adverse Opinion: The financial statements do NOT present a true and fair view because the misstatement is so material and pervasive that a qualification would be insufficient to describe the misleading nature of the statements. |
| Limitation of scope (Auditor unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence) | Qualified Opinion — "Except for possible effects": The financial statements present fairly in all material respects, except for the possible effects of the matter(s) for which the auditor was unable to obtain sufficient evidence. | Disclaimer of Opinion: The auditor does not express any opinion on the financial statements because the inability to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence is so fundamental and pervasive that no conclusion can be drawn. |
Additional explanations:
- Unqualified (Unmodified/Clean) Opinion — Issued when the auditor concludes that the financial statements give a true and fair view in all material respects with no issues. This is not part of the modified opinion table as it arises in the absence of any adverse circumstances.
- Materiality — A misstatement or omission is material if it could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users relying on the financial statements.
- Pervasiveness — Effects are pervasive when they are not isolated to specific items or balances but are widespread, fundamental, and affect the financial statements as a whole, or relate to disclosures that are fundamental to users' understanding.
Question 6(a) – Four Fundamental Principles of Professional Code of Conduct
1. Integrity
A professional accountant must be straightforward, honest, and truthful in all professional and business relationships. Integrity requires fair dealing, transparency, and adherence to the highest moral and ethical standards. Accountants must not associate themselves with any report, return, communication, or other information that contains materially false or misleading statements, that omits or obscures information where such omission is misleading, or that is furnished recklessly. It is the foundation upon which public trust in the accounting profession is built.
2. Objectivity
A professional accountant must not allow bias, conflict of interest, or undue influence of others to override professional or business judgment. Objectivity requires that all professional opinions, reports, and decisions be based strictly on relevant facts, evidence, and professional standards — not on personal interests, relationships, or external pressures. Accountants must identify and avoid situations that could compromise or be seen to compromise their impartiality and independence of mind.
3. Professional Competence and Due Care
A professional accountant has a continuing obligation to maintain professional knowledge and skills at the level required to provide competent professional services to clients and employers. This duty entails keeping up to date with developments in accounting standards, legislation, and professional practice. Accountants must act diligently and in full accordance with applicable technical and professional standards when carrying out their work, and must not accept or continue engagements for which they lack the requisite competence without taking appropriate steps to address the gap.
4. Confidentiality
A professional accountant must respect and safeguard the confidentiality of information acquired through professional and business relationships. Such information must not be disclosed to any third party without proper and specific authority from the client or employer, unless there is a legal, regulatory, or professional right or duty to disclose. The duty of confidentiality continues even after the professional relationship has ended and extends to the accountant's immediate family members, staff, and associates. Confidential information must not be used for the personal advantage of the accountant or any third party.
(The fifth fundamental principle is Professional Behaviour, which requires accountants to comply with all relevant laws and regulations and to avoid any conduct that would discredit the profession.)
Question 6(b) – Conditions to Qualify as an Approved Auditor
- Professional Qualification — The person must be a member in good standing of a recognised professional accountancy body in Nigeria, such as the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN), or any other body recognised under the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA).
- Current Practicing Certificate — The person must hold a valid and current practicing certificate or licence issued by the relevant recognised professional accounting body, which authorises them to carry out audit work in Nigeria.
- Independence from the Company — The person must be fully independent of the company being audited. Under CAMA, a person is disqualified from acting as auditor if they are an officer or servant of the company, a partner or employee of an officer of the company, or any person who has a financial or other interest in the company of such a nature as to conflict with the proper discharge of the duties of an auditor.
ACC 004: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NIGERIAN TAXATION
Question 7 – Do Good Enterprise: Change of Accounting Date
Background and Rules:
Under the Nigerian tax system (Personal Income Tax Act), when a sole trader changes their accounting date, special assessment rules apply to the transition year and the periods surrounding it to prevent under-assessment. The tax year in Nigeria runs from 1 January to 31 December.
Pre-change assessments (31 March year-end — Preceding Year Basis):
| Year of Assessment | Basis Period | Assessable Profit ₦ |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 1/4/2006 – 31/3/2007 | 270,000 |
| 2008 | 1/4/2007 – 31/3/2008 | 360,000 |
Transition year — Change to 30 September:
The first new accounting period ending on the new date is 30/9/2008. For the transition year of assessment (2009), the tax authority constructs a 12-month period ending on the new accounting date (30 September 2008):
- Period 1/10/2007 – 31/3/2008 (6 months from old account): ₦360,000 × 6/12 = ₦180,000
- Period 1/4/2008 – 30/9/2008 (short period): ₦150,000
- Total for transition basis period = ₦330,000
Post-change assessments (30 September year-end — New Preceding Year Basis):
| Year of Assessment | Basis Period | Assessable Profit ₦ |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 1/10/2008 – 30/9/2009 | 529,000 |
| 2011 | 1/10/2009 – 30/9/2010 | 375,000 |
SUMMARY OF ASSESSABLE PROFITS — DO GOOD ENTERPRISE
| Year of Assessment | Basis Period | Assessable Profit ₦ |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 1/4/2006 – 31/3/2007 | 270,000 |
| 2008 | 1/4/2007 – 31/3/2008 | 360,000 |
| 2009 | 1/10/2007 – 30/9/2008 (12 months constructed) | 330,000 |
| 2010 | 1/10/2008 – 30/9/2009 | 529,000 |
| 2011 | 1/10/2009 – 30/9/2010 | 375,000 |
| Grand Total | 1,864,000 |
Question 8(a) – Four Members of the State Board of Internal Revenue
- The Chairman of the Board, who is a person experienced in taxation, appointed by the State Governor and confirmed by the State House of Assembly.
- The Directors and Heads of Departments of the State Internal Revenue Service.
- The Legal Adviser of the State Internal Revenue Service.
- A Director representing the State Ministry of Finance.
Question 8(b) – Three Duties of the State Board of Internal Revenue
- Tax Administration and Revenue Collection — To administer and give effect to all tax laws relating to taxes and levies collectible by the State Government, including assessment, collection, accounting for, and enforcement of all revenues due to the State.
- Advisory Role on Tax Policy — To advise the State Government on all matters relating to taxation and revenue, including recommending appropriate tax policies, rates, exemptions, and administrative procedures for improving State revenue generation.
- Supervision and Oversight — To supervise, direct, and control the activities of the State Internal Revenue Service to ensure efficient, effective, and accountable tax administration, and to ensure that all taxes and levies are properly assessed, collected, and remitted in accordance with the law.
Question 8(c) – Quorum for the State Board of Internal Revenue Meeting
The quorum for a valid meeting of the State Board of Internal Revenue is one-third (⅓) of the total membership of the Board. This means that no fewer than one-third of all members must be present for decisions made at the meeting to be binding and valid. In practice, the Chairman or his representative must also be present for the meeting to proceed lawfully.
Question 8(d) – Six Taxes and Levies Collectible by a State Government
- Personal Income Tax (PAYE) — Pay-As-You-Earn tax on the income of individuals resident in the state, excluding members of the Armed Forces, Nigeria Police Force, and residents of the FCT.
- Withholding Tax on Individuals — Tax deducted at source from specified payments made to individuals resident within the state.
- Capital Gains Tax on Individuals — Tax levied on capital gains realised by individuals resident in the state on the disposal of chargeable assets.
- Stamp Duties on Instruments executed by Individuals — Duties charged on legal instruments (e.g. tenancy agreements, deeds) where at least one party is an individual.
- Pools Betting, Lotteries, Gaming and Casino Taxes — Taxes on all forms of gaming, gambling, lottery, and casino activities operating within the state.
- Road Taxes — Including vehicle registration and licensing fees, driver's licence fees, and other road-use-related charges collected within the state.