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JUPEB past questions and answers 2021.

Subject: Government. 

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GOV 001: ELEMENTS OF GOVERNMENT

1. Definition and Types of Sovereignty

(a) Define Sovereignty [5 Marks]
Sovereignty is the supreme power or authority of a state to govern itself without any external interference. It refers to the full right and power of a governing body to make laws, enforce them, and administer justice within a defined territory.

(b) FIVE Types of Sovereignty [10 Marks]

1. Legal Sovereignty: The body with ultimate legal power, such as a constitutionally recognized institution (e.g., Parliament).
2. Political Sovereignty: Refers to the people who ultimately hold power by electing leaders and influencing policies.
3. Popular Sovereignty: The belief that authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.
4. Internal Sovereignty: The state's authority to govern affairs within its borders without interference.
5. External Sovereignty: The recognition of a state's independence and equality by other countries in the international community.

2. Organs of ECOWAS and problems 

(a) FIVE Main Organs of ECOWAS [5 Marks]

1. The Authority of Heads of State and Government
2. The Council of Ministers
3. The Community Parliament
4. The ECOWAS Commission
5. The Community Court of Justice

(b) FIVE Major Problems Confronting ECOWAS [10 Marks]

1. Political Instability: Frequent coups and conflicts weaken unity and cooperation.
2. Poor Infrastructure: Weak transport and communication systems hinder regional integration.
3. Language Barrier: Multiple official languages (English, French, Portuguese) complicate collaboration.
4. Lack of Funds: Insufficient financial resources limit implementation of policies.
5. National Interests: Member states prioritize domestic agendas over regional goals.

GOV 002: FUNDAMENTALS OF GOVERNMENT

3. Objectives of the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (NCNC)

FIVE Objectives of NCNC [15 Marks]

1. To fight against colonial rule and achieve self-government.
2. To protect the rights and freedoms of Nigerians.
3. To promote unity and national consciousness.
4. To ensure equal opportunities in education, health, and employment.
5. To support economic independence and the development of indigenous industries.

4. Meaning of Electoral System and Benefits of a Good Electoral System

(a) What is an Electoral System? [5 Marks]
An electoral system (or voting system) is the method and rules of counting votes to determine the outcome of elections. It includes the rules, procedures, and laws that govern how votes are translated into seats in a legislature or for choosing leaders.

(b) FIVE Benefits of a Good Electoral System [10 Marks]

1. Promotes Democracy: Ensures free and fair representation of the people's will.
2. Enhances Stability: Provides a peaceful way to change governments.
3. Encourages Political Participation: Motivates citizens to vote and get involved.
4. Ensures Accountability: Elected officials are answerable to the electorate.
5. Protects Minority Interests: Helps diverse groups get represented.

GOV 003: NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

5. Meaning and Processes of Acquiring Citizenship

(a) Define Citizenship [3 Marks]
Citizenship is the legal status of being a recognized member of a state, with rights and responsibilities.

(b) FOUR Processes of Acquiring Citizenship [12 Marks]

1. By Birth: Being born to Nigerian parents.
2. By Descent: Having Nigerian ancestry, even if born abroad.
3. By Registration: A non-citizen (e.g., foreign wife of a Nigerian) can register to become a citizen.
4. By Naturalization: After meeting certain residency and legal requirements.
5. 
   

6. Meaning and Roles of International Organisations

(a) Define an International Organisation [5 Marks]
An international organisation is an entity formed by multiple countries to promote global cooperation on political, economic, social, or security issues.

(b) FIVE Roles of International Organisations [10 Marks]

1. Promote Peace and Security: Through diplomacy, peacekeeping, and conflict resolution.
2. Enhance Economic Cooperation: Aid development and trade among nations.
3. Humanitarian Assistance: Provide relief during disasters and crises.
4. Protect Human Rights: Monitor and report abuses and promote equality.
5. Environmental Protection: Tackle global issues like climate change.

GOV 004: AFRICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

7. Features of the Presidential System of Government in Nigeria

FIVE Features of the Presidential System in Nigeria [15 Marks]

1. Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary are distinct.
2. Fixed Tenure: President serves a fixed term, usually four years.
3. Direct Election: The president is elected directly by the people.
4. Single Executive: The president is both Head of State and Government.
5. Checks and Balances: Each arm of government can limit the power of the others.

8. Meaning of Coup d’état and Justifications for the 1966 Military Intervention in Nigeria

(a) What is a Coup d’état? [5 Marks]
A coup d’état is a sudden, illegal seizure of government power by the military.

(b) FIVE Justifications for the 1966 Military Intervention [10 Marks]

1. Corruption: Rampant corruption among politicians.
2. Electoral Malpractices: Rigged and violent elections.
3. Ethnic Tensions: Rising ethnic rivalry and sectionalism.
4. Political Instability: Frequent political crises and weak leadership.
5. Security Breakdown: Rising insecurity and lawlessness.