Past Questions
Answers to 2915 jupeb ( Predegree ) questions and answers
1. List and explain any five basic functions performed by a modern government.
- Maintenance of Law and Order: Governments establish laws and enforce them to ensure peace and security in society.
- Protection of Lives and Property: Governments provide defense and security through military and police to safeguard citizens and their property.
- Provision of Social Services: Governments build and maintain infrastructure like roads, schools, and hospitals to improve the quality of life.
- Economic Regulation: Governments regulate trade, industry, and commerce to ensure a stable economy and protect consumers and businesses.
- Promotion of Welfare: Governments implement social welfare programs to assist the poor, elderly, and vulnerable groups.
- Regionalism: It divided Nigeria into three regions—North, West, and East—each with its own legislative council.
- Legislative Council: It established a central legislative council with both official and unofficial members, but official members were still in the majority.
- Limited African Representation: Though some Africans were included, their representation was minimal and indirect, limiting their influence.
- Executive Control: The Governor retained significant executive powers, making the system undemocratic in practice.
- No Real Federalism: Although it introduced regional councils, the constitution did not provide real autonomy as the central government was still in control.
Main Objectives:
- Promotion of national interest
- Maintenance of African unity and independence
- Promotion of international cooperation
- Respect for international law and peaceful resolution of conflicts
Ways to Realize the Objectives:
- Active Participation in International Organizations: Engaging with bodies like the United Nations and African Union to promote cooperation.
- Economic Diplomacy: Establishing trade agreements and investments with other countries.
- Peacekeeping Efforts: Contributing troops and resources to regional peacekeeping missions.
- Bilateral and Multilateral Treaties: Signing agreements that foster good relations and promote Nigeria’s interests abroad.
A political party is an organized group of people who share similar political ideas and seek to gain power through elections to influence government policies.
Functions:
- Political Mobilization: Parties educate and mobilize citizens to participate in elections.
- Candidate Nomination: They select and present candidates for elections.
- Policy Formulation: Parties develop policies and manifestos that reflect their vision for governance.
- Link Between Government and People: They act as intermediaries between the government and the citizens.
- Opposition and Criticism: They provide constructive criticism to the ruling party to keep it accountable.
- Constitution: This is a written document that outlines the structure, powers, and functions of government and the rights of citizens.
- Constitutionalism: This refers to the practice of limiting government power according to the principles set out in the constitution, ensuring the rule of law and protection of individual rights.
- Policy Implementation: The executive implements laws and policies made by the legislature.
- Law Enforcement: It enforces laws to maintain order and protect citizens.
- Defense and Security: It ensures the protection of the country from internal and external threats.
- Foreign Affairs: It conducts diplomatic relations and represents the country abroad.
- Preparation of Budget: It prepares and presents the annual budget to the legislature for approval.
Reasons for Indirect Rule:
- Cost Efficiency: It was cheaper to rule through local authorities than by direct administration.
- Lack of Manpower: The British had limited personnel to administer the vast territory.
- Existing Traditional Institutions: There were already established local rulers (e.g., Emirs in the North).
- Local Knowledge: Local rulers knew their people better, which helped maintain order.
- Resistance Minimization: Using local rulers reduced resistance and opposition.
Failure in the Eastern Part:
- The Eastern region lacked centralized traditional authority, making it difficult to implement indirect rule.
- The Igbo society was largely segmentary, and there was no single leader or chief with enough authority to administer the people.
- The appointment of warrant chiefs was unpopular and led to widespread resistance and protests.
8. Write short notes on any three of the following:
I. Socialism:
An economic and political system in which the means of production, distribution, and exchange are owned or regulated by the community or the state. It seeks to reduce inequalities by ensuring everyone has access to basic services like health care and education.
II. Capitalism:
An economic system where private individuals or corporations own and control the means of production and operate for profit. It relies on free markets, competition, and individual enterprise.
III. Communism:
A classless and stateless society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. It seeks to eliminate private ownership of production.
IV. Fascism:
A far-right, authoritarian political ideology that promotes strong centralized control, dictatorial leadership, nationalism, and often the suppression of opposition. It emphasizes the supremacy of the state over individual rights.
V. Anarchism:
A political ideology that advocates for a stateless society where individuals voluntarily cooperate without coercion. It opposes all forms of hierarchical authority, including government, and seeks to promote individual liberty and self-management.